Reproductive and Therapeutic Cloning Essay example

Reproductive and Therapeutic Cloning Cloning is defined as the â€Å"creation of an exact copy of a living matter, such as a cell or organism† according to Encarta encyclopedia. The copies produced through cloning have identical genetic makeup and are known as clones. Scientists use cloning techniques in the laboratory to create copies of cells or organisms with valuable traits. Cloning is a controversial topic because new areas of science often raise questions about safety. Early experiment performed on animals showed potential dangers. For example, cloned cows developed faulty immune systems. In some studies, cloned animals seemed to grow old faster and die younger than normal members of the species. According to Encarta online†¦show more content†¦Faust and Adam and Eve. Dr. Frankenstein tried to create a human, with terrible consequences (Guinan 306), Dr. Faust traded his soul with the devil for forbidden knowledge, and Adam and Eve disobeyed God by eating from the tree of knowledge; Good and evil, and were banished from the Garden of Eden. The stories about the two doctors may not be true but it is used to illustrate that some knowledge are not to be tampered with because we may not be well prepared for it. The story of Adam and Eve is true. They tampered with what was forbidden and disrupted the order of nature. It is the same with clo ning, if we tampered with cloning, something terrible could go wrong because the technology is unstable. We should at least obey and respect nature, which is part of tradition by banning cloning. From the start children are always produced sexually not through a combination of toxic substances and if we start using toxic substances to reproduce it will disrespectful to nature and tradition. It would also be sacrificing the humans’ race to clones. The clones might grow to dominate the world. For instance, when George Washington’s (first president of the United States) generation kicked the bucket, a brand new generation took over and it has been like that for many centuries. If clones are made they will grow to dominate the future. Not only those topics, we have to consider earthShow MoreRelatedEssay on Reproductive and Therapeutic Cloning2440 Words   |  10 PagesReproductive and Therapeutic Cloning New areas of science often raise questions about safety. Reflecting back on the past medical technologies invented, people have always opposed it but often benefit from it later on in life. The use of in-vitro fertilization, for instance, was once a controversial issue. Some people worried that society could discriminate against humans produced as a result of IVF and humans could spread diseases. Furthermore, its usefulness cannot be predicted becauseRead MoreEssay on Reproductive and Therapeutic Cloning1472 Words   |  6 PagesThere are two types of cloning, one of them is reproductive cloning which is when a whole organism is cloned and therapeutic cloning is the cloning of cells, organs or tissues. Cloning is when two cells decide or are forced to duplicate into two cells to replicate each other. Cloning can be done deliberately or naturally; and it results in two copies having identical cells, DNA, genes, organs and organisms. Cloning is a common, ongoing, debatable topic a mong society today. Many people argue aboutRead MoreReproductive and Therapeutic Cloning: Dolly The Sheep1468 Words   |  6 Pagesbeen an increase in the methods in which DNA, Reproductive and Therapeutic cloning and the processes that happen in order for cloning to occur. DNA Cloning occurs when the DNA cell is replicated, an organisms DNA is taken and placed in a Vector also known as plasmid. This self-replicating cell will then create copies of the DNA code. After being placed into a foreign host cell that is suitable for the DNA the cell will then reproduced. Reproductive cloning in some aspects of the developing stages isRead MoreIs Cloning Ethical Or Moral?1617 Words   |  7 PagesCloning is one of the most controversial topics in all of science in the current day. Technology has come miles from where it has been, and we still have yet to perfect how it is used. When I chose this topic as one of the two I had to pick from the list, I didn’t really know how cloning worked or how I actually felt about the on-going conversation of whether or not cloning is ethical or moral, much less legal. What I have come to conclude after the various articles I have read, and the differentRead MoreThe Human Of Human Cloning1100 Words   |  5 PagesHuman Cloning 1. INTRODUCTION Human  cloning  is the creation of a genetically identical copy of a human. However, this term not only refers to the entire artificial human, but also the reproduction of human cells and tissues. There are two types of theoretical human cloning: reproductive cloning which would involve making an entire cloned human and the other, therapeutic cloning, which would involve cloning cells from a human for use in medicine and transplants by somatic-cell nuclear transfer orRead MoreShould Human Cloning Be Pursued? Essay810 Words   |  4 Pagessome movies, cloning in real life doesn’t produce a full grown exact replica of someone. A type of cloning that occurs naturally is when identical twins are born (â€Å"What Is Cloning?†). Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a type of cloning that has to be done in a lab. In SCNT they take the nucleolus out of an egg cell, replace it with the nucleolus of a somatic cell (body cell with two complete sets of chromosomes), and mak e the egg cell divide into a blastocyst (â€Å"What Is Cloning?†). There areRead MoreThe Human Of Human Cloning1098 Words   |  5 Pages1. INTRODUCTION Human  cloning  is the creation of a genetically identical copy of a human. However, this term not only refers to the entire artificial human, but also the reproduction of human cells and tissues. There are two types of theoretical human cloning: reproductive cloning which would involve making an entire cloned human and the other, therapeutic cloning, which would involve cloning cells from a human for use in medicine and transplants by somatic-cell nuclear transfer or pluripotent stemRead MoreShould Cloning Be Allowed?1440 Words   |  6 Pageshuman cloning is becoming a feasible practice. Recently there has been a successful cloning of a sheep, so scientists start to speculate the different uses of cloning human embryos. The three forms of cloning that stand out are reproductive cloning, therapeutic cloning, and cloning for scientific research. Cloning should be permitted, but only reproductive cloning should be permitted with a limit on the number of babies a person or family can reproduce. The arguments that support cloning dependRead MoreWhy Is Cloning? Living A Wonderful Life?1668 Words   |  7 PagesWhy Cloning? Imagine living a wonderful life. A life full of friends and loving relationships. A healthy life. Celebrating holidays with friends and families and finally starting to fall in love with the person might†. Then all of a sudden your wonderful life comes to a screeching halt when you go to the doctor and is diagnosed with HIV, a fatal disease with no cure. You’re now faced with countless decisions such as whether or not you want to be heavily medicated. More medications could lead toRead MoreLiving A Wonderful Life : A Life Full Of Friends And Loving Relationships1666 Words   |  7 Pagesup. Cloning could provide an efficient way to find resistance and cures to diseases while providing an option to infertile couples. Human cloning is the process of using nuclear transfer, (a process of dna transfer) to a human cell in order to grow human cells. Human cloning is necessary and inevitable and research in the fields of reproductive and therapeutic cloning should continue to develop. Human cloning should be legal because reproductive cloning is inevitable and therapeutic cloning provides

Is The Unites States Political System A Legitimate Democracy In Any S Essay Example For Students

Is The Unites States Political System A Legitimate Democracy? In Any S Essay Is the Unites States Political System a Legitimate Democracy?In any system which claims to be democratic, a question of its legitimacy remains. A truly democratic political system has certain characteristics which prove its legitimacy with their existence. One essential characteristic of a legitimate democracy is that it allows people to freely make choices without government intervention. Another necessary characteristic which legitimates government is that every vote must count equally: one vote for every person. For this equality to occur, all people must be subject to the same laws, have equal civil rights, and be allowed to freely express their ideas. Minority rights are also crucial in a legitimate democracy. No matter how unpopular their views, all people should enjoy the freedoms of speech, press and assembly. Public policy should be made publicly, not secretly, and regularly scheduled elections should be held. Since legitimacy may be defined as the feeling or opinion the people have that government is based upon morally defensible principles and that they should therefore obey it, then there must necessarily be a connection between what the people want and what the government is doing if legitimacy is to occur.The U. S. government may be considered legitimate in some aspects, and illegitimate in others. Because voting is class-biased, it may not be classified as a completely legitimate process. Although in theory the American system calls for one vote per person, the low rate of turnout results in the upper and middle classes ultimately choosing candidates for the entire nation. Class is determined by income and education, and differing levels of these two factors can help explain why class bias occurs. For example, because educated people tend to understand politics more, they are more likely to vote. People with high income and education also have more resources, and poor people tend to have low political efficacy (feelings of low self-worth). Turnout, therefore, is low and, since the early 1960s, has been declining overall. The winner-take-all system in elections may be criticized for being undemocratic because the proportion of people agreeing with a particular candidate on a certain issue may not be adequately represented under this system. For example, a candidate who gets 40 percent of the vote, as long as he gets more votes than any other candidate, can be elected?even though sixty percent of the voters voted against him(Lind, 314).Political parties in America are weak due to the anti-party, anti-organization, and anti-politics cultural prejudices of the Classical Liberals. Because in the U. S. there is no national discipline to force citizens into identifying with a political party, partisan identification tends to be an informal psychological commitment to a party. This informality allows people to be apathetic if they wish, willingly giving up their input into the political process. Though this apathy is the result of greater freedom in America than in other countries, it ultimately decreases citizens incentive to express their opinions about issues, therefore making democracy less legitimate. Private interests distort public policy making because, when making decisions, politicians must take account of campaign contributors. An interest may be defined as any involvement in anything that affects the economic, social, or emotional well-being of a person. When interests become organized into groups, then politicians may become biased due to their influences. Special interests buy favors from congressmen and presidents through political action committees (PACs), devices by which groups like corporations, professional associations, trade unions, investment banking groups?can pool their money and give up to $10,000 per election to each House and Senate candidate(Lind, 157). .u3e122956f847715bef1429a8ffcc0ea1 , .u3e122956f847715bef1429a8ffcc0ea1 .postImageUrl , .u3e122956f847715bef1429a8ffcc0ea1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3e122956f847715bef1429a8ffcc0ea1 , .u3e122956f847715bef1429a8ffcc0ea1:hover , .u3e122956f847715bef1429a8ffcc0ea1:visited , .u3e122956f847715bef1429a8ffcc0ea1:active { border:0!important; } .u3e122956f847715bef1429a8ffcc0ea1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3e122956f847715bef1429a8ffcc0ea1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3e122956f847715bef1429a8ffcc0ea1:active , .u3e122956f847715bef1429a8ffcc0ea1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3e122956f847715bef1429a8ffcc0ea1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3e122956f847715bef1429a8ffcc0ea1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3e122956f847715bef1429a8ffcc0ea1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3e122956f847715bef1429a8ffcc0ea1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3e122956f847715bef1429a8ffcc0ea1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3e122956f847715bef1429a8ffcc0ea1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3e122956f847715bef1429a8ffcc0ea1 .u3e122956f847715bef1429a8ffcc0ea1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3e122956f847715bef1429a8ffcc0ea1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: De Tocqueville's Democracy In America Essay Consequently, those people who do not become organized into interest groups are likely to be underrepresented financially. This leads to further inequality and, therefore, greater illegitimacy in the democratic system.The method in which we elect the President is fairly legitimate. The electoral college consists of representatives who we elect, who then elect the President. Because this fills the requirement of regularly scheduled elections, it is a legitimate process. The President is extremely powerful in foreign policy making; so powerful that scholars now speak of the Imperial Presidency, implying that the President runs foreign policy as an emperor. The President is the chief diplomat, negotiator of treaties, and commander-in-chief of the armed forces. There has been a steady growth of the Presidents power since World War II. This abundance of foreign Presidential power may cause one to believe that our democratic system is not legitimate. However, Presidential power in domestic affairs is limited. Therefore, though the President is very powerful in certain areas, the term Imperial Presidency is not applicable in all areas.The election process of Congress is legitimate because Senators and Representatives are elected directly by the people. Power in Congress is usually determined by the seniority system. In the majority party (the party which controls Congress), the person who has served the longest has the most power. The problem with the seniority system is that power is not based on elections or on who is most qualified to be in a position of authority. Congress is also paradoxical because, while it is good at serving particular individual interests, it is bad at serving the general interest (due to its fragmented structure of committees and sub-committees). The manner in which Supreme Court Justices are elected is not democratic because they are appointed by the President for lifelong terms, rather than in regularly scheduled elections. There is a non-political myth that the only thing that Judges do is apply rules neutrally. In actuality, they interpret laws and the Constitution using their power of judicial review, the power explicitly given to them in Marbury v. Madison. Though it has been termed the imperial judiciary by some, the courts are the weakest branch of government because they depend upon the compliance of the other branches for enforcement of the laws.The bureaucracy is not democratic for many reasons. The key features of a bureaucracy are that they are large, specialized, run by official and fixed rules, relatively free from outside control, run on a hierarchy, and they must keep written records of everything they do. Bureaucracies focus on rules, but their members are unhappy when the rules are exposed to the public. Bureaucracies violate the requirement of a legitimate democracy that public policy must be made publicly, not secretly. To be hired in a bureaucracy, a person must take a civil service exam. People working in bureaucracies may also only be fired under extreme circumstances. This usually leads to the Peter Principle; that people who are competent at their jobs are promoted until they are in jobs in which they are no longer competent. Policy making may be considered democratic to an extent. The public tends to get its way about 60% of the time. Because one of the key legitimating factors of government is a connection between what it does and what the public wants, policy making can be considered 60% legitimate. Furthermore, most of what the federal government does never reaches the public. Public opinion polls represent the small percentage of issues that people have heard about.Though the individual workings of the American government may not be particularly democratic, it must be somewhat legitimate overall because without legitimacy, government fails. However, the people who run for and win public office are not necessarily the most intelligent, best informed, wealthiest, or most successful business or professional people. At all levels of the political system,?it is the most politically ambitious people who are willing to sacrifice time, family and private life, and energy and effort for the power and celebrity that comes with public office(Dye, 58-59). .u1c330b23713b0fb70a23a3fabeabbe28 , .u1c330b23713b0fb70a23a3fabeabbe28 .postImageUrl , .u1c330b23713b0fb70a23a3fabeabbe28 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1c330b23713b0fb70a23a3fabeabbe28 , .u1c330b23713b0fb70a23a3fabeabbe28:hover , .u1c330b23713b0fb70a23a3fabeabbe28:visited , .u1c330b23713b0fb70a23a3fabeabbe28:active { border:0!important; } .u1c330b23713b0fb70a23a3fabeabbe28 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1c330b23713b0fb70a23a3fabeabbe28 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1c330b23713b0fb70a23a3fabeabbe28:active , .u1c330b23713b0fb70a23a3fabeabbe28:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1c330b23713b0fb70a23a3fabeabbe28 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1c330b23713b0fb70a23a3fabeabbe28 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1c330b23713b0fb70a23a3fabeabbe28 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1c330b23713b0fb70a23a3fabeabbe28 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1c330b23713b0fb70a23a3fabeabbe28:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1c330b23713b0fb70a23a3fabeabbe28 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1c330b23713b0fb70a23a3fabeabbe28 .u1c330b23713b0fb70a23a3fabeabbe28-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1c330b23713b0fb70a23a3fabeabbe28:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Veitnam Essay The legitimacy of the United States government is limited, but in a system of government which was designed not to work, complete democracy is most likely impossible. BibliographyDye, Thomas R. Whos Running America? The Clinton Years. Englewood Cliffs, NewJersey: Prentice Hall, 1995. Lind, Michael. The Next American Nation: The New Nationalism and the Fourth American Revolution. New York: The Free Press, 1995.